{"id":22762,"date":"2017-12-01T16:28:06","date_gmt":"2017-12-01T21:28:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tun.com\/blog\/?p=22762"},"modified":"2019-03-12T15:20:06","modified_gmt":"2019-03-12T19:20:06","slug":"cardiff-university-attack-cancer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tun.com\/blog\/cardiff-university-attack-cancer\/","title":{"rendered":"Cardiff University Researchers Develop Two Unique Methods to Attack Cancer"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Researchers at Cardiff University in the UK have developed two unique ways of attacking cancer cells. The <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cardiff.ac.uk\/news\/view\/1002449-targeting-cancer-without-destroying-healthy-t-cells\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">first method<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> targets cancer-ridden T-cells without harming healthy ones, while the <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cardiff.ac.uk\/news\/view\/1007555-improved-method-of-engineering-t-cells-to-attack-cancer\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">second method<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> uses genetically engineered healthy T-cells to destroy cancerous cells.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">T-cells, a type of white blood cell, are a part of the immune system that help us fight bacterial and viral infections. These cells can be broadly divided in two types: killer T-cells and helper T-cells. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the name implies, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.tcells.org\/scientific\/killer\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">killer T-cells<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can kill certain cells, including foreign cells, cancer cells and cells infected with germs. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.tcells.org\/scientific\/helper\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Helper T-cells<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> play a major role in controlling and regulating the body\u2019s immune system by helping other white blood cells eliminate the foreign, cancerous or infected cells.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Attacking Cancerous T-Cells Without Harming Their Healthy Counterparts<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lymphoma is a type of cancer that begins in white blood cells called lymphocytes. In patients with lymphoma, the lymphocytes begin to multiply uncontrollably. Since it is a blood cancer, operating is not possible. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe title=\"How Lymphoma Develops\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/6TnO474Zou0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Traditional lymphoma treatment methods, such as radiation and chemotherapy, are universally destructive, killing healthy and cancerous cells indiscriminately. Unfortunately for patients, inoperable cancers are currently only treatable with these damaging and dangerous techniques. \u00a0Developing a method of cancer treatment aside from surgery that can differentiate between healthy and cancerous cells is essentially the holy grail of oncology.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the case of lymphomas specifically, there are two varieties &#8212; B-cell and T-cell lymphoma. \u00a0B-cell lymphoma is now, thanks to advances in immunotherapy, treatable. (Immunotherapy is a form of treatment that uses the body\u2019s own immune cells to fight cancer.) T-cell lymphoma, however, which is rarer and deadlier, is in desperate need of a new form of treatment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The problem with treating T-cell lymphoma is that traditional treatment methods lower the general count of T-cells in the body, rather than specifically targeting cancerous ones. T-cells are vital to the immune system, so the brute-force destruction of all T-cells via chemotherapy would put patients in serious danger.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The research team at Cardiff University, however, has found a way to target only cancer-ridden T-cells while leaving healthy T-cells unharmed. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">T-cells are formed using one of two duplicated copies of the T-cell receptor gene, known as C1 and C2, decided by a random process. Given this random nature, approximately half the T-cells in our bodies are genetically C1 and the other half are C2.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In T-cell lymphoma, the cancer starts from a single T-cell and only spreads to T-cells of the same gene. If the origin cell is C1, then only C1 T-cells will be cancerous while C2 T-cells would remain healthy, or vice versa.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The team\u2019s method makes it possible to eliminate T-cells based on whether they use the C1 or C2 gene. The team has demonstrated that targeting of C1 T-cells can kill C1 cancers without harming any normal C2 T-cells, so these cells can continue to protect the body.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cWe wouldn\u2019t last a week without the essential job our T-cells perform by protecting us from infection,\u201d <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cardiff.ac.uk\/people\/view\/78921-sewell-andrew\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Professor Andrew Sewell<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from Cardiff University\u2019s School of Medicine said in a statement. \u201cThe devastating effects of low numbers of just one type of T-cell are all too evident in HIV\/AIDS.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The research team is currently working with Autolus, Ltd., a biopharmaceutical company based in London, to begin clinical trials. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThe chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting TRBC1 positive T-cell lymphomas forms the basis of AUTO-4, a CAR T-cell product currently being developed by Autolus,\u201d said <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.tcells.org\/scientific\/mateuszlegut\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dr. Mateusz Legut<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, who co-authored the study while <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">undertaking a Cancer Research UK funded PhD in Sewell\u2019s laboratory. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThe phase I clinical trial testing AUTO-4 should commence in 2018. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cAt the same time, another CAR product targeting TRBC2 positive T-cell lymphomas is being developed. We expect that the remarkable clinical success which has been observed with CAR therapies targeting B-cell malignancies can now be replicated in T-cell malignancies, by specific targeting of either TRBC1+ or TRBC2+ lymphomas.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sewell expects that Adaptimmune, a company that is \u201calready applying TCR gene transfer in the clinic\u201d and other companies \u201cwill pick this approach up for treating patients,\u201d he said.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The paper is published in <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29131157\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nature Medicine<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Using CRISPR Genome Editing to Attack Cancer Cells<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legut and Sewell were also involved in the study on genetically engineering healthy T-cells to destroy cancer cells.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This team removed the non-cancer specific receptors of T-cells via genome editing, allowing these modified cells to kill only cells corrupted by the cancer.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-22763\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tun.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Cardiff-Tcell.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"570\" height=\"321\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The team\u2019s modified cells are stronger than ones prepared under current methodology, explains Legut, who led this study. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cUp until now, T-cells engineered to fight cancer had two kinds of receptors \u2013 the therapeutic one that was added in the lab, and their own naturally existing one,\u201d he said in a statement. \u201cSince there is only limited \u2018space\u2019 on a cell for receptors, cancer-specific ones need to compete with the cell\u2019s own receptors to perform their function. More often than not, the cell\u2019s own receptors win that competition, and leave \u2018space\u2019 for only a very limited number of newly introduced, cancer-specific receptors, which means that T-cells engineered with the current technology never reach their full potential as cancer killers.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Basically, the researchers remove the receptors in T-cells that target general pathogens and replace them with receptors that specifically target cancer.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8220;The improvement in the sensitivity of cancer recognition that can be achieved by editing out the existing natural receptor and then replacing it with one that sees cancer cells is remarkable,\u201d Sewell said in a statement. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Editing T-cells so that they can focus entirely on cancerous cells increases the efficiency of immunotherapy by, in essence, enlisting a cellular task force with the sole purpose of destroying cancerous cells.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cI believe that our improved method of making cancer-specific T-cells will guide a new generation of clinical trials and be used by researchers in the laboratory to discover new cancer-specific T-cell receptors and new targets for cancer therapy,\u201d <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cardiff.ac.uk\/people\/view\/206709-ottmann-oliver\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Professor <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Oliver Ottmann<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, head of hematology at Cardiff University, co-lead of the Cardiff Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre (ECMC), and co-author of the study, said in a statement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The study was performed in a laboratory and has not yet proceeded to clinical trials.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The paper is published in <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bloodjournal.org\/content\/early\/2017\/11\/09\/blood-2017-05-787598?sso-checked=true\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Blood<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This research team also includes <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.tcells.org\/scientific\/garrydolton\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dr. Garry Dolton<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and Afsar Ali Mian.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Researchers at Cardiff University in the UK have developed two unique ways of attacking cancer cells. The first method targets cancer-ridden T-cells without harming healthy ones, while the second method uses genetically engineered healthy T-cells to destroy cancerous cells. T-cells, a type of white blood cell, are a part of the immune system that help [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":55,"featured_media":22761,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[628,241,229,243],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-22762","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-crispr","category-medical-breakthrough","category-lead-stories","category-health"],"aioseo_notices":[],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/www.tun.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Cancer-Tcells.jpg",830,533,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/www.tun.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Cancer-Tcells-224x144.jpg",224,144,true],"medium":["https:\/\/www.tun.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Cancer-Tcells-300x193.jpg",300,193,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/www.tun.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Cancer-Tcells.jpg",830,533,false],"large":["https:\/\/www.tun.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Cancer-Tcells.jpg",830,533,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/www.tun.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Cancer-Tcells.jpg",830,533,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/www.tun.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Cancer-Tcells.jpg",830,533,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Cameron Carpenter","author_link":"https:\/\/www.tun.com\/blog\/author\/cameron-carpenter\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Researchers at Cardiff University in the UK have developed two unique ways of attacking cancer cells. The first method targets cancer-ridden T-cells without harming healthy ones, while the second method uses genetically engineered healthy T-cells to destroy cancerous cells. T-cells, a type of white blood cell, are a part of the immune system that help&hellip;","featured_media_src_url":"https:\/\/www.tun.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Cancer-Tcells.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tun.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22762","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tun.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tun.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tun.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/55"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tun.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22762"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.tun.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22762\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tun.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/22761"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tun.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22762"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tun.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=22762"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tun.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=22762"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}